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Uncertainties

13 uncertainties

The sharpest open questions cutting across the drivers. Each resolves in four ways — the outcome cards the game is dealt from.

Permission to Act
U01

The shape of the public

What kind of public can health policy be made for?

Drivers · tap to expand
Shared civic publicCore

People see health as a common responsibility. Population-scale policy is passable and national standards hold.

Layered publicsCore

National consensus is weak, but local and identity-based communities coordinate internally. Policy is made and sticks at state and community scale.

Personalized publicsCore

People organize around individual risk and their own information. Collective measures have to be justified as personal benefit.

No common publicEdge

Health is treated mainly as a private responsibility. Collective policy loses its sponsor and governance narrows toward consumer protection.

U02

Public health's permission to act

How much permission does public health have to act?

Drivers · tap to expand
Broad permission to actCore

Public health has durable civic support and clear legal authority.

Issue-by-issue permissionCore

Authority is accepted for some threats but contested for others.

Place-dependent permissionCore

Legitimacy and powers differ sharply across states and communities.

Constant political resistanceEdge

Public health remains a routine target and its powers are tightly constrained.

Capacity to Act
U03

The institutional base

What kind of institutional base can public health sustain?

Drivers · tap to expand
Strong public backboneCore

Core institutions have durable funding, staff, and infrastructure.

Lean core, shared capacityCore

Small institutions rely on networks, pooled funds, and shared services.

Strong nodes, weak gapsCore

Capable organizations coexist with major geographic and functional holes.

Hollowed and outsourcedEdge

Critical functions move to vendors or disappear as public capacity shrinks.

U04

The workforce model

Who does the work of public health?

Drivers · tap to expand
Rebuilt public workforceCore

A broader multidisciplinary workforce is recruited and retained.

Small ai-augmented coreCore

Lean teams work through automation, chws, and shared specialists.

Distributed partner workforceCore

Contractors, community organizations, universities, and creators do more of the work.

Chronic shortage and memory lossEdge

Vacancies persist and capability resets with each departure.

U05

The threat environment

What kind of threat environment does public health face?

Drivers · tap to expand
Adaptation keeps paceCore

Known climate and disease pressures grow, but investments contain many impacts.

Compounding known threatsCore

Heat, smoke, disasters, outbreaks, and displacement increasingly arrive together.

Slow-moving systemic crisisCore

AMR, chronic disease, and environmental exposure create sustained strain.

Unfamiliar biological shockWildcard

A novel or engineered threat falls outside existing assumptions.

Ability to See
U06

What public health can see

How visible is population health in real time?

Drivers · tap to expand
Live public health pictureCore

Integrated systems provide a trusted, real-time view of population health.

Connected local picturesCore

Federated systems share enough data to coordinate while remaining decentralized.

Private platforms see moreCore

Companies have faster and richer data than public agencies.

Growing blind spotsEdge

Fragmented systems and off-grid care leave public health partially blind.

U07

AI infrastructure and access

Who controls and benefits from public-health AI?

Drivers · tap to expand
Public AI utilityCore

Trusted, governed tools are available across the field.

Shared network servicesCore

Institutions pool AI capabilities, talent, and standards.

Vendor-owned stackCore

Agencies rent closed tools and infrastructure from private firms.

Unequal AI arms raceEdge

Well-resourced actors accelerate while others fall further behind.

U08

Control of body data

Who owns and controls data from people's bodies?

Drivers · tap to expand
Trusted public useCore

Strong governance allows biodata to support population health.

Individual controlCore

People decide who can use their data and may trade or license it.

Corporate controlCore

Platforms and data brokers hold the most valuable datasets.

Government accessEdge

Public agencies or law enforcement gain broad access for public or political purposes.

Ability to Speak and Be Believed
U09

Where trust lives

Who do people trust to guide health decisions?

Drivers · tap to expand
Institutional recoveryCore

Public institutions regain trust through performance, transparency, and accountability.

Trust goes localCore

Clinicians, community health workers, and local leaders become the trusted layer.

Trust moves to platformsCore

People rely on brands, influencers, and personal AI for health guidance.

Identity-bound trustEdge

People accept guidance mainly from sources aligned with their group.

U10

How health truth is established

How do people decide what health information is real?

Drivers · tap to expand
Verified evidence layerCore

Authentication and provenance restore a broadly shared factual baseline.

Human-ai mediationCore

Trusted people and supervised AI translate evidence for different audiences.

Competing evidence systemsCore

Communities use different experts, facts, and standards of proof.

Synthetic fogEdge

False and real content become too difficult to distinguish at scale.

Ability to Adapt
U11

The model of prevention

How does society try to stay healthy?

Drivers · tap to expand
Healthier conditions firstCore

Environments, food systems, housing, and social supports become the main intervention.

Medicine-led preventionCore

Drugs, diagnostics, and clinical monitoring manage risk at scale.

Consumer optimizationCore

Wellness products, personal data, supplements, and biotech define prevention.

Personal responsibility regimeEdge

Health is moralized as an individual choice regardless of structural conditions.

U12

The structure of care

How connected is care outside hospitals to the public system?

Drivers · tap to expand
Distributed and connectedCore

Home, retail, community, and public systems share data and responsibility.

Platform-led but regulatedCore

Large platforms organize care under common rules and data standards.

Parallel systems with bridgesCore

Formal and alternative systems remain distinct but connect at key points.

Invisible shadow systemEdge

Large portions of care sit outside oversight, surveillance, and safeguards.

U13

Individual and movement power

Who can shape health behavior and policy at scale?

Drivers · tap to expand
Many local problem-solversCore

Individuals and small groups use new tools to create useful public goods.

Trusted super-connectorsCore

A small number of credible people become key partners and distribution nodes.

Influencers rival institutionsCore

Reach and identity matter as much as expertise or formal authority.

High-leverage disruptionEdge

One actor or small group can rapidly destabilize health behavior or systems.

NNPHI · Langrand

Future of Public Health